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  Fur Trade in North America The:...

  Editors Charles River

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  Though the importance of hats is easy to overlook, it was deadly serious in more ways than one, impacting the beavers and birds used to make fashionable hats, the environment of the region, and the people fighting over the resources. Beaver hats put the Dutch, British, and French in conflict, and later the Americans and Canadians. Plumed women’s hats were considerably less important historically, but they had a huge ecological impact. The beaver is a crucial species that once had an immense impact on the environment around it, while the short era concerning the plume trade for women’s hats drove a number of bird species to near-extinction. Indeed, several species have never recovered their numbers. The end product was fashionable men’s and women’s hats, sold primarily in Europe and the United States, but from raw materials to finished products, these hats linked tribal peoples, traders, hunters, trappers, merchants, and soldiers. Whether it crossed their minds or not, countless men and women in London and Paris were linked to the North American wilderness and all the violence it entailed. 
  The fur trade had its tensions, but for many years, traders and natives worked out their own systems, times, and traditions, allowing many different groups to interact and even compete without issues that led to war. Though native groups sometimes found themselves in conflicts based on long-standing rivalries or relations with the Europeans, most of the fur traders, the trappers, the Indians, and Hudson’s Bay Company officials lived peaceably. The great amount of distance from one another in this land of millions of miles likely helped to alleviate tensions. When a new vision for the Hudson’s Bay Company came about, one where settlers, not itinerants, would be responsible for the colony, the rules changed.

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  Stonewall Brigade and Hood’s...

  Editors Charles River

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  The Stonewall Brigade went on to fight in every major battle in the Eastern theater of the American Civil War, to the extent that of the 6,000 men who fought with the brigade over the course of four years, less than 200 remained by the time General Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. They were organized, trained, and mentored by one of the most revered military leaders in American history, and they made a decisive impact on battles like First Manassas, the 1862 Valley Campaign, and Chancellorsville. The brigade was virtually a spent force by the end of the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse in May 1864, which took place nearly a year after Stonewall Jackson himself had been mortally wounded at Chancellorsville. 
  Organized in Richmond, Virginia on October 22, 1861, Hood’s Texas Brigade was one of the most formidable fighting forces of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. At times undisciplined, the men who comprised this brigade were a group of fearless and determined volunteers-turned-soldiers. Over the course of the Civil War, the Texas Brigade engaged over 4,000 men and was comprised of the only Texans to fight with General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia in the Eastern Theater. With the exception of Chancellorsville, these men fought in every major battle in the East, and they also participated in significant battles in the Western Theater. Of the more than 4,000 men who fought with the brigade over the course of the war, approximately 600 remained to surrender at Appomattox. The brigade suffered a horrific casualty rate of sixty-one percent and were lauded for their courage by men such as generals Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, James Longstreet, and Lee.

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  Speaking my Soul - Race Life and...

  John Russell Rickford

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  Speaking My Soul is the honest story of linguist John R. Rickford's life from his early years as the youngest of ten children in Guyana to his status as Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at Stanford, of the transformation of his identity from colored or mixed race in Guyana to black in the USA, and of his work championing Black Talk and its speakers. 
   
   
   
  In this engaging memoir, Rickford recalls landmark events for his racial identity like being elected president of the Black Student Association at the U of California, Santa Cruz; learning from black expeditions to the South Carolina Sea Islands, Jamaica, Belize, and Ghana; and meeting or interviewing civil rights icons like Huey P. Newton, Rosa Parks, and South African Dennis Brutus. He worked with Rachel Jeantel, Trayvon Martin's friend and key witness in the trial of George Zimmerman for his murder. Zimmerman's exoneration sparked the Black Lives Matter movement. 
   
   
   
  This is the account of a former director of African and African American studies whose work has increased our understanding of the richness of African American language and our awareness of the education and criminal justice challenges facing African-Americans. It is key for students and faculty in linguistics, mixed-race studies, African American studies, and social justice.

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  The Human Psychology Bible - (2...

  Alan G. Fields

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  Dive into the depths of the mind with "The Human Psychology Bible," a comprehensive two-part series that seeks to unravel the intricate tapestry of human behavior and thought. Authored by the insightful Alan G. Fields, this definitive compilation, featuring "Human Psychology 101" and its advanced counterpart "Human Psychology 202," offers a profound look into what propels our actions, shapes our personalities, and defines our interactions. 
  "The Human Psychology Bible" is not just another academic text; it's an engaging journey into understanding the gray complexities that govern our everyday lives. Alan G. Fields draws upon extensive research, real-life anecdotes, and relatable stories, breaking down the seven core aspects of human psychology: emotions, personality, decision-making, morality, perception, behavior, and relationships. 
  In "Human Psychology 101," Fields lays the foundation, mapping the landscapes of the mind with a vibrant introduction to psychological principles. It's a guide designed to elucidate the mechanics of the mind, offering a window into why people behave the way they do — a sort of psychological sleight of hand that transforms the mystifying into the comprehensible. 
  Advancing to "Human Psychology 202," the exploration deepens. Fields skillfully addresses the complexities of human thought processes, unmasking the often irrational patterns that can lead to negativity and self-sabotage. This section delves into the power of thought and its profound impact on our actions, encouraging readers to break free from the chains of limited thinking and embrace the full spectrum of mental possibilities.

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  Ludwig Wittgenstein - Language...

  Hector Davidson

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  Ludwig Wittgenstein, one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century, profoundly shaped modern thought, particularly in the realms of language, logic, and the philosophy of mind. His philosophy spans two distinct periods, marked by an evolution in his views on the relationship between language, meaning, and reality. Wittgenstein’s work challenges the way we think about and use language, positing that philosophical problems often arise from misunderstandings of language and its limitations. 
  Wittgenstein’s early philosophy, as presented in his landmark work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, was grounded in the belief that language could mirror the structure of reality. According to his "picture theory of meaning," words and sentences are pictures that represent facts in the world. He argued that the limits of language are also the limits of the world, and anything that could not be meaningfully expressed through language was simply beyond the scope of philosophy. This view led him to conclude that many traditional philosophical problems were nonsensical, arising from a misuse of language. 
  However, Wittgenstein underwent a significant philosophical transformation after his work on the Tractatus, largely due to his dissatisfaction with the results of his early approach. By the time of his later work, particularly in Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein had rejected the picture theory of meaning and developed the concept of "language games." He argued that meaning is not inherent in words themselves but is derived from their use in various social contexts. Language, for Wittgenstein, is a tool embedded in human practices and activities. He claimed that understanding language requires understanding the ways it functions in specific contexts, challenging the idea of a fixed, underlying structure of meaning.

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  Other People’s Colleges - The...

  Ethan W. Ris

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  An illuminating history of the reform agenda in higher education. 
   
  For well over one hundred years, people have been attempting to make American colleges and universities more efficient and more accountable. Indeed, Ethan Ris argues in Other People’s Colleges, the reform impulse is baked into American higher education, the result of generations of elite reformers who have called for sweeping changes in the sector and raised existential questions about its sustainability. When that reform is beneficial, offering major rewards for minor changes, colleges and universities know how to assimilate it. When it is hostile, attacking autonomy or values, they know how to resist it. The result is a sector that has learned to accept top-down reform as part of its existence. 
    
  In the early twentieth century, the “academic engineers,” a cadre of elite, external reformers from foundations, businesses, and government, worked to reshape and reorganize the vast base of the higher education pyramid. Their reform efforts were largely directed at the lower tiers of higher education, but those efforts fell short, despite the wealth and power of their backers, leaving a legacy of successful resistance that affects every college and university in the United States. Today, another coalition of business leaders, philanthropists, and politicians is again demanding efficiency, accountability, and utility from American higher education. But, as Ris argues, top-down design is not destiny. Drawing on extensive and original archival research, Other People’s Colleges offers an account of higher education that sheds light on today’s reform agenda. 

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