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  The Crusades

  IntroBooks Team

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  Religion and politics were intertwined with each other in many European empires in the years leading to the Crusades. The Christian Church was going through a power struggle which eventually led to a permanent division which exists till this day. It was known as the East-West Schism. Also called as the Schism of 1054, it marked the division of the church into Roman Catholic churches and Eastern Orthodox churches. This break in the churches occurred because of a difference in viewpoints related to various rituals and rules among Christians, one of the most popular ones being the use of leavened or unleavened bread for the Eucharist.  
  This Schism of 1054 reduced the power and authority of the church among its followers. In an attempt to increase and reinforce the importance of the church, Pope Gregory VII started a reformation which would transform the church from a decentralized religious institution to a centralized one where the Pope held more power and authority.  
  This is known as the Gregorian Reform and played a big role in vesting greater power to the Pope. It led to a change where all disputes had to be referred to Rome and all appeals were to go through the Pope as well. This automatically reduced the amount of power vested on the Bishops. The power struggle between the Popes and the state in the 11th and 12th centuries is termed as the Investiture Controversy. The focal point of the dispute was whether it should be the Pope or the monarch who should appoint the local church officials which included the bishops and the abbots. 

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  No Stone Unturned - The True...

  Steve Jackson

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  The New York Times bestselling author takes readers on “a fascinating journey into the trenches of crime [investigation]”—now revised and updated (Lowell Cauffiel, New York Times bestselling author).A body stuffed in a car trunk swallowed by the swirling, muddy waters of the Missouri River. A hiker brutally murdered, then thrown off a steep embankment in a remote mountain range. A devious killer who hid his wife’s body under a thick cement patio. For investigators, the story is often the same: they know a murder took place, they may even know who did it; but without key evidence, or a body, pursuing a conviction is nearly impossible. That’s when they call NecroSearch International, a brain trust of the nation’s top scientists in a wide variety of fields, who along with law enforcement, use the latest technology and field techniques to locate clandestine graves and hidden secrets to solve “unsolvable” crimes. In No Stone Unturned, Steve Jackson—who became a member of NecroSearch International in 2015—gives a captivating, insider’s look into a realm of crime investigation of which few people are aware. “The book covers the group’s quirky beginnings and digs into its most important cases suspensefully; Jackson’s sharp eye misses nothing in the painstakingly rendered details. A must-have for true crime fans, it should also be of great interest to anyone fascinated with the practical applications of science.”—Publishers Weekly (starred review)“Delves into cases that would make good novels, but they’re real. Furthermore, he describes a group of uncommon people performing uncommon tasks, and he does it with respect, accuracy and genuine style.”—Ron Franscell, bestselling author of Alice & Gerald: A Homicidal Love Story

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  9 11 - The Attack that Shook the...

  50 50minutes

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  Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the events of 9/11 in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of 9/11. At 8.46am on the morning of September 11th 2001, the first hijacked plane hit the World Trade Center's North Tower. The hours that followed were filled with more attacks and desperate attempts to save the people trapped in towers as well as those injured at the Pentagon. Almost 3000 people died that day; the 9/11 attacks were the worst terror attacks on US soil in history and changed America forever. It triggered the war in Afghanistan and a ten-year manhunt for Osama bin Laden, but it has also been the subject of much controversy and many conspiracy theories.In just 50 minutes you will:   • Learn about the 9/11 attacks and how Osama bin Laden was finally caught ten years later   • Understand what actually happened on that horrific day and the effect it had on America and the rest of the world   • Analyse how the US responded to the attacks and whether their response was sufficient and appropriateABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

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  Gibraltar - The History of a...

  Ernle Bradford

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  Since ships first set sail in the Mediterranean, The Rock has been the gate of Fortress Europe. In ancient times, it was known as one of the Pillars of Hercules, and a glance at its formidable mass suggests that it may well have been created by the gods. Sought after by every nation with territorial ambitions in Europe, Asia, and Africa, Gibraltar was possessed by the Arabs, the Spanish, and ultimately the British, who captured it in the early 1700s and held onto it in a siege of more than three years late in the eighteenth century. The fact that that was one of more than a dozen sieges exemplifies Gibraltar’s quintessential value as a prize and the desperation of governments to fly their flag above its forbidding ramparts. Bradford uses his matchless skill and knowledge to take the reader through the history of this great and unique fortress. From its geological creation to its two-thousand-year influence on politics and war, he crafts the compelling tale of how these few square miles played a major part in history.

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  Fierce Reads NYC

  Anna Banks, Marissa Meyer, Emma...

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  Four fierce authors of romance, suspense, fantasy, and bestselling series for teens: Anna Banks (The Syrena Legacy series), Marissa Meyer (The Lunar Chronicles), Emma Mills (This Adventure Ends), and Caleb Roehrig (Last Seen Leaving) make a stop on their tour to present their latest novels and chat with fans. In conversation with MJ Franklin and Aliza Weinberger (MashReads).

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  Your Best Self: Finding the...

  Brenda Shoshanna

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  We all want to find the perfect partner. We think that when we do, our lives will be full and complete. FINDING THE PERFECT PARTNER explores why that perfect partner is not yet here. How are you keeping it away? And why is there something wrong with everyone you meet? As you do the exercises in this book, you will discover that the perfect partner is a few steps away, always right where you are.

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